[share_ebook] Fundamentals In Nuclear Physics From Nuclear Structure to Cosmology [Biomedical Engineering, Medical Imaging]

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• Author: Jean-Louis Basdevant, James Rich and Michel Spiro

Nuclear physics began one century ago during the “miraculous decade” between 1895 and 1905 when the foundations of practically all modern physics were established. The period started with two unexpected spinoffs of the Crooke’s vacuum tube: Roentgen’s X-rays (1895) and Thomson’s electron (1897), the first elementary particle to be discovered. Lorentz and Zeemann developed the the theory of the electron and the influence of magnetism on radiation. Quantum phenomenology began in December, 1900 with the appearance of Planck’s constant followed by Einstein’s 1905 proposal of what is now called the photon. In 1905, Einstein also published the theories of relativity and of Brownian motion, the ultimate triumph of Boltzman’s statistical theory, a year before his tragic death. For nuclear physics, the critical discovery was that of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896. By analyzing the history of science, one can be convinced that there is some rationale in the fact that all of these discoveries came nearly simultaneously, after the scientifically triumphant 19th century. The exception is radioactivity, an unexpected baby whose discovery could have happened several decades earlier. Talented scientists, the Curies, Rutherford, and many others, took the observation of radioactivity and constructed the ideas that are the subject of this book. Of course, the discovery of radioactivity and nuclear physics is of much broader importance. It lead directly to quantum mechanics via Rutherford’s planetary atomic model and Bohr’s interpretation of the hydrogen spectrum. This in turn led to atomic physics, solid state physics, and material science. Nuclear physics had the important by-product of elementary particle physics and the discovery of quarks, leptons, and their interactions. These two fields are actually impossible to dissociate, both in their conceptual and in their experimental aspects.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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