Modernizing Legacy Systems: Software Technologies, Engineering Processes, and Business Practices

Description

Businesses inevitably face a critical choice in the design and maintenance of their software systems: Dismantle older systems and completely replace them, or incrementally incorporate new technologies into existing systems. Many businesses choose the latter course, seeking to maximize their existing investment while adapting to rapidly evolving technology. Modernizing Legacy Systems is a much-needed guide, showing how to implement a successful modernization strategy and describing specifically a risk-managed, incremental approach–one that encompasses changes in software technologies, engineering processes, and business practices.
Key topics include:
Making a case for modernization
Understanding requirements and constraints
Maintaining performance, data integrity, and security
Designing and deploying the target architecture
Migrating code and data
Estimating costs

For every topic, the book presents current standards and available products that support legacy system modernization. In addition, a large retail-supply-system case study–a COBOL-coded system being replaced with one based on the J2EE architecture–runs through the book to demonstrate a real-world legacy system modernization effort.

Table of Contents

Figures.
Preface.
1. The Legacy Crisis.

Modernization Challenges.

Complexity.
Software Technology and Engineering Processes.
Risk.
Commercial Components.
Business Objectives.

How Did We Get Here?
The Legacy Crisis.
Evolving Legacy Systems.

Maintenance.
Modernization.
Replacement.

Software Reengineering.

Retargeting.
Revamping.
Commercial Components.
Source Code Translation.
Code Reduction.
Functional Transformation.

Incremental Development and Deployment.
Summary.
For Further Reading.

2. The Beast.

The Retail Supply System.

Database.
User Interface.
Transactions.

Recent History.

Web-Enablement.
Reports.

Summary.

3. Risk-Managed Modernization.

Risk Management.

Portfolio Analysis.
Identify Stakeholders.
Understand Requirements.
Create the Business Case.
Understand the Legacy System.
Understand Existing Software Technologies.
Evaluate Technology.
Define Target Architecture.
Define Modernization Strategy.
Reconcile Modernization strategy with Stakeholders.
Estimate Resources for Modernization Strategy.

Summary.

4. Developing the Business Case.

Where Are We?
Identify Stakeholders.
Understand Requirements.

Requirements.
Constraints.

RSS Requirements.

New Functionality.
Architecture Compliance.
Incremental Development and Deployment.
Modernization Goals.

Create a Business Case.

General Structure and Contents.
Incremental Modernization.

The RSS Business Case.

What is the Problem?
What is the Solution?
Modernization Risks.
Benefits of RSS Modernization.

Summary.
For Further Reading.

5. Understanding the Legacy System.

Where Are We?
The Program Understanding Context.

The “Horseshoe Model” .

Reconstruction.

Code Structure Representation.
Function-Level Representation.
Architectural-Level Representation.

Architecture Reconstruction.

Architecture Reconstruction Process.

Issues.

Tool Support vs. Manual Effort.
Decompilation/Disassembly.

Summary.
For Further Reading.

6. Architecture Representation.

Where Are We?
Purpose of Architecture Representation.
Architecture Representation Requirements.

Different Views of the System.
Different Levels of Granularity.

Architectural Views.

Module Views.
Component and Connector Views.
Deployment View.

Additional Considerations.

System Context.
Hybrid Views.

Summary.
For Further Reading.

7. Languages and Data Management.

Where Are We?
COBOL.

History.
General Structure.
Arithmetic.
Variables.
Calling and Parameter Passing.
Composing Source Files.
Obsolete Language Features.
Standards.
Products.

Java.

History.
General Structure.
The Java Platform.
Characteristics of the Java Language.
Types of Java Programs.
Java Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).
Products.

Data Repositories.

Database Management Systems (DBMS).
Data Warehouses.
Standards.
Products.

Data Representations for Information Exchange.

EDI.
XML.
Standards.
Products.

Summary.

8. Transaction Technology.

Where Are We?
Distributed Communication.
Transactions.

Flat Transactions.
Flat Transactions with Save Points.
Chained Transactions.
(Closed) Nested Transactions.
Open Nested Transactions.
Multi-Level Transactions.
Distributed-Access Transactions.

Distributed Transactional Operations.

Distributed Transaction Model.
Resource Manager Component.
Communication Resource Manager Component.
Transaction Manager Component.
Application Components.
Queued Transactions Model.

Comparison of Transactional Models.
Standards.
Products.
Summary.

9. Software Infrastructure.

Where Are We?
Enterprise JavaBeans.

Enterprise JavaBean Types.
Persistence for Entity Beans.
Support for Transactions.
Security.
Products.

Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM).

Messages.
Queues.
Queue Manager.
Triggers.
Message Queue Interface.
Transaction Support.
Products.

Java 2 Enterprise Edition.

J2EE Services.
Deployment.

XML Messaging.

XML Messaging Components.
BizTALK.
ebXML.
OAGIS.
Rosetta Net.
How Do These StandardS Relate?
Other Standards Related to XML Messaging.

Summary.

10. Maintaining Transactional Context.

Where Are We?
Model Problems.

Retail Supply System (RSS).

Contingency Planning.

MQSeries.
Object Transaction Service.
Oracle Pro*Cobol.
Net Express.

Model Problem Definition.
Model Problem Solution.

Design of the Model Solution.
Building the Test Adapter.

Evaluation.
Summary.

11. Business Object Integration.

Where Are We?
A Tale of Two Architectures.

J2EE Architecture.
B2B Architecture.

Quality Attributes.

Performance.
Security.
Availability.
Data Integrity.
Modifiability.
Portability.
Reusability.
Integrability.

Summary.

12. Target Architecture.

Where Are We?
Forces Affecting the Architecture.

Data Requirements.
Organizational Requirements.
Technology Requirements.

Overview of the Architecture.

Application Components.
Business Objects.
Service Components.
Data Components.
Wrapper Components.
BSR Interface.

Architectural Patterns.

Access Operation Involving One Business Object.
Access Operation Involving More Than One Business Object.
Report.
AD HOC Query.
Roll Ups.
Batch Roll Up.
Continuously-Updated Roll Up.
Transactions.
Data Warehouses.

Summary.

13. Architecture Transformation.

Where Are We?
Data Adapters.

Data Replication.
Data Access Layer.
Database Gateway.
Hybrids.
Comparison.

Logic Adapters.

Object-Oriented Wrapping.
Component Wrapping.
Comparison.

Architecture Transformation Strategy.
Code Migration.

USER Transactions.
Related Functionality.

Data Migration.

Data Migration Before Code Migration.
Data Migration During Code Migration.
Data Migration After Code Migration.

Deployment Strategy.

Parallel Operations.
Non-Parallel Operation.

Componentization Trail Maps.

Trail Map Selection.

Use of Adapters in RSS.
Summary.

14. System Preparation.

Where Are We?
Analysis of Alternatives.

Plan 1: The DMS on OS 2200.
Plan 2: The RDMS on OS 2200.
Plan 3: Oracle on the Solaris Platform.
Plan 4: Everything on the Solaris Platform.
Plan 5: Everything on Solaris+.
Evaluation of Alternatives.

Summary.

15. Code and Data Migration.

Where Are We?
Structural Analysis.

The Initial Plan.
The Revised Plan.

Code Migration Plan.

Profiles.

Data Migration Plan.
Summary.

16. Integrated Plan.

Where Are We?
Reconciliation Objectives.
Reconciliation Plan.
Stakeholder Priorities.

User Representatives.
Architecture Team.
Legacy System Maintainers.
Management.
Observations.

Stakeholder Ideal Profiles.

User Representatives.
Architecture Team.
Legacy System Maintainers.
Management.

Stakeholder Consensus Meetings.
Code Migration Prioritization Results.
Summary.

17. Resource Estimation.

Where Are We?
Cost Estimation Overview.

Function-Based Estimation.
Task-Based Estimation.

Costing an Increment.

Estimating software size.

Estimation of Cost and Duration.

Productivity Ratio Approach.
Cost Estimation Models.

Costing the Preparation Work.
Costing the Final Database Migration.
Data Collection.
Summary.
For Further Reading.

18. Recommendations.

Find a Better Way.
Use Commercial Components.
Manage Complexity.
Develop and Deploy Incrementally.
Software Engineering Skills.
Component-Centric Approach.
Architecture-Centric Approach.
High Levels of Concurrent Development.
Continuous Integration.
Risk-Managed Development.
Final Word.

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